{"id":3671,"date":"2011-05-27T09:00:58","date_gmt":"2011-05-27T08:00:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.badreputation.org.uk\/?p=3671"},"modified":"2011-05-27T09:00:58","modified_gmt":"2011-05-27T08:00:58","slug":"unsung-heroes-the-night-witches","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/badreputation.org.uk\/2011\/05\/27\/unsung-heroes-the-night-witches\/","title":{"rendered":"Unsung Heroes: The Night Witches"},"content":{"rendered":"

Russia, 1942. Not a good place to be. <\/p>\n

A year into the war with Germany, the German 6th<\/sup> Army surrounding Stalingrad, millions dead and countless more dying of starvation and disease. Supplies and equipment were running low and the need for people to throw into combat was soaring. These were the conditions that gave rise to some of the most daring and impressive pilots ever, the 588th<\/sup> Night Bomber Regiment, nicknamed the Night Witches by the German forces. The name alone pretty much conveys how ridiculously amazing these women were, but let\u2019s go into a bit more detail.<\/p>\n

Formed in October of 1941, the Night Witches were an all female bomber regiment tasked with precision bombing1<\/a><\/sup> runs against German military targets. The formation of the group took some time, as the move to recruit female combat pilots had initially been rejected, with one recruiting officer quoted as saying \u201cThings may be bad but we’re not so desperate that we’re going to put little girls like you up in the skies. Go home and help your mother.\u201d This in spite of the fact that many young Russian women had more piloting experience than the pilots of the front line fighter regiments thanks to the Osoaviakhim, a paramilitary flying club that provided free training to Soviet boys and girls in the 1920s and 30s.<\/p>\n

Soviet military officials then, as US military officials now, questioned whether it was strategically or morally appropriate to send women into combat. But the Night Witches proved to themselves and a skeptical country that their gender made no difference in the defense of one’s home.<\/p>\n

– Phyllis-Anne Duncan<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"black<\/a>The heavy casualties of the war brought about a quick change to this attitude, and three regiments were formed, commanded by the famous aviatrix Major Marina Raskova (left)2<\/a><\/sup>. The selection process for the 588th<\/sup> (and its companion squads, the 586th<\/sup> Fighters and the 587th<\/sup> Dive Bombers) was gruelling, the young women going through two years’ worth of training in just six months. Up to fourteen hours a day were spent in the air, including night flights and simulated dogfights. By June 1942, they were ready to fight against the formidable might of the German invasion.<\/p>\n

The Night Witches were not a well equipped regiment. Wearing hand-me-down uniforms from male pilots (boots were reportedly stuffed with paper and fabric to make them fit), they flew in aging Polikarpov PO-2 biplanes. The PO-2s were about as basic as a plane could get and still technically qualify as a plane. First built in 1928, they consisted of fabric strung over a wooden frame, and lacked any but the most rudimentary of instrumentation. There was no radio to communicate with ground control, and navigation was done with a stopwatch and a map \u2013 just a normal map, not even a flight chart. The planes carried no guns and only had enough weight allowance to take two bombs up on a flight, forcing the Night Witches to make multiple sorties in a single night, returning to base each time to collect more bombs.<\/p>\n

The one thing the PO-2 had going for it, and which the Night Witches used to full effect, was its remarkable maneuverability. With a top speed of around 95mph, the plane was slower than the slowest speed a German fighter could maintain (its stall speed), allowing them to pull tight, evasive circles that the faster German craft couldn\u2019t match. Combine this with the impressive nap-of-the-earth<\/a> piloting skills that allowed the Night Witches to get closer to the ground than the planes of the Luftwaffe could manage, and shooting down a PO-2 from the air became a challenging prospect. There was, supposedly, a promise to award an Iron Cross to any Luftwaffe pilot who actually managed to bring down a Night Witch.<\/p>\n

\"black<\/a>Whilst the German fighters struggled to bring down the Night Witches (who included Evgeniya Rudneva, left), the ground defences proved rather more formidable. 6th<\/sup> Army encampments were protected by what was known as the \u2018circus of flak\u2019 \u2013 concentric rings of up to two dozen flak cannons and searchlights. The traditional tactic for dealing with this had been to fly directly towards the target and hope to get your bombs away before the flak could blast you out of the air. It wasn\u2019t the most successful tactic. The Night Witches developed a far more effective method for getting past the circus of flak: flying in groups of three, two planes would approach the target and wait for the searchlights to pick them up. These two would then split apart and manoeuvre around the target, drawing the attention of the cannons. The third plane, having waited behind, would cut their engines and glide in to deliver the bombs. This was repeated until each of the three planes had made a bombing run. The mind boggles at the sheer level of stone-cold bravery needed to repeatedly offer yourself as a distraction to dozens of flak cannons, protected only by a flimsy frame of wood and fabric, and to keep doing that night after night.<\/p>\n

At its largest the Night Witches’ regiment consisted of 80 flying crew, plus ground support. By the end of the war they had collectively flown over 23,000 bombing runs. The surviving pilots had all flown around 1,000 missions each by 1945 (for sake of comparison, Colonel Don Blakelee, who had more missions for the USAF than anyone else in WW2, completed 500). Thirty of them had died in combat, and over a quarter of the pilots had been awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.<\/p>\n

Examples of extreme courage were almost the rule for them.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Valerie Moolman, Women Aloft<\/em><\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The best English language source of further information on the 588th<\/sup> Bomber Regiment is probably Bruce Myles\u2019 Night Witches: Untold Story of Soviet Women in Combat<\/strong>.<\/a> There\u2019s also Women in Air War: The Eastern Front of World War II <\/strong><\/a>by Kazmeira Jean Cottam. <\/p>\n